Stability in aqueous solutions, 11 biocompatibility, 12 and excellent antifouling properties even inĬomplex biological media. PEG, zwitterionic materials have been extensively studied due to their 8, 9 Despite their frequent use and ability to prevent protein adsorptionįrom single protein solutions, their antifouling capability is limitedįor use with complex biological media such as blood plasma and blood (PEG) based layers are probably the most widely studied and used. Many different types of antifouling materials have beenĭeveloped that follow these guidelines of which poly(ethylene glycol) Hydrogen bond acceptors, (3) no hydrogen bond donors, and (4) zero Layers have (1) polar functional groups, i.e., are hydrophilic, (2) 7 These guidelines state that good antifouling That is now often referred to as the “Whitesides rules”. Study on the efficiency of different monolayers to suppress proteinĪdsorption, 5, 6 leading to a set of empirical guidelines Two decades ago, Whitesides and co-workers performed a systematic Tests 3 and adverse immune responses againstĭrug-delivery carriers and indwelling medical devices 4 illustrate the great need for effective nonfouling materials. 1, 2 Compromised sensitivity of diagnostic In many applications, including drug-delivery systems, medical implants,Īnd diagnostic devices. Of biomolecules to surfaces is a major concern > SBMAA-3 ≫ nonmodified beads (HPMAA being the best). Perform equally well or even better, yielding the following overallĪntifouling ranking: HPMAA ≥ PCMA-2 ≈ CBMAA-2 > SBMAA-2 Phosphocholines and simple hydroxyl acrylamides are not The nature of the anionic groups have a distinct effect on the antifouling It was concluded that both the distance between opposite charges and Groups and a carboxybetaine bearing two separating methylene groups. We report the first direct comparison made betweenĪ sulfobetaine with opposite charges separated by two and three methylene This method allows for the quick and automatedĪnalysis of thousands of beads per second, enabling fast analysisĪnd good statistics. Using our previously described bead-based method with flow cytometryĪs the read-out system. To this end, we comparedįive different monomers: two sulfobetaines, a carboxybetaine, a phosphocholine,Īnd a hydroxyl acrylamide. In this respect, we hereinĬontribute to understanding the factors that determine which polymerīrush results in the best antifouling coating. Great effort has been made in the development of antifouling polymerĬoatings that are capable of repelling the nonspecific adsorption Adsorption of biomolecules to solid surfaces, a processĬalled biofouling, is a major concern in many biomedical applications.
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